Implement data validation in FastAPI
Data validation is a crucial aspect of software development, ensuring that input data is accurate and meets the necessary requirements before being processed or stored. This guide will teach you how to use built-in validations in FastAPI with Pydantic models, helping you build secure and reliable applications by leveraging FastAPI's automatic validation features.
Prerequisites
- Python 3.10
Setup project
pip install fastapi uvicorn email-validator
Project structure
└─ app
├─ __init__.py
├─ main.py
├─ schemas
│ └─ user.py
└─ static
└─ index.html
__init__.py is used to mark the directory as a Python package.
Project files
user.py
from pydantic import BaseModel, Field, EmailStr
from typing import Optional
from datetime import date
class User(BaseModel):
id: int
name: Optional[str] = Field(None, max_length=10)
email: Optional[EmailStr] = None
age: Optional[int] = Field(None, ge=1, le=100)
birthdate: Optional[date] = NoneThis user.py file defines a User model using Pydantic for validation testing in FastAPI. The model includes the following fields with built-in validation:
id: An integer representing the user's ID (required).name: An optional string with a maximum length of 10 characters.email: An optional email field validated using Pydantic'sEmailStrtype.age: An optional integer that must be between 1 and 100, inclusive.birthdate: An optional date field for the user's birthdate.
main.py
import uvicorn
from fastapi import FastAPI
from fastapi.requests import Request
from fastapi.responses import FileResponse, JSONResponse
from fastapi.exceptions import RequestValidationError
from app.schemas.user import User
app = FastAPI()
@app.get("/")
async def index():
return FileResponse("app/static/index.html")
@app.post("/submit")
async def submit(user: User):
return user
@app.exception_handler(RequestValidationError)
async def validation_exception_handler(request: Request, exc: RequestValidationError):
return await get_error(exc)
async def get_error(exc: Exception) -> JSONResponse:
if isinstance(exc, RequestValidationError):
errors = {}
for error in exc.errors():
field_name = error["loc"][-1]
errors[field_name] = error["msg"]
return JSONResponse(errors, 400)
return exc
if __name__ == "__main__":
uvicorn.run(app, host="127.0.0.1")This main.py file sets up a FastAPI application with two main endpoints and custom error handling.
- The root endpoint (
/) serves a static HTML file (index.html) from theapp/staticdirectory. - The
/submitendpoint accepts POST requests with user data validated against theUserPydantic model and returns the submitted user information. - A custom exception handler for
RequestValidationErroris defined, which formats validation errors into a JSON response, mapping field names to their respective error messages.
index.html
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1">
<link href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/bootstrap/5.3.3/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet">
<script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/vue@3/dist/vue.global.js"></script>
</head>
<body>
<div id="app" class="container">
<div class="row mt-3">
<form @submit.prevent="submit()">
<div class="mb-3 col-12">
<label class="form-label" for="id">Id</label>
<input id="id" class="form-control form-control-sm" v-model="user.id" />
<span v-if="errors.id" class="text-danger">{{ errors.id }}</span>
</div>
<div class="mb-3 col-12">
<label class="form-label" for="name">Name</label>
<input id="name" class="form-control form-control-sm" v-model="user.name" />
<span v-if="errors.name" class="text-danger">{{ errors.name }}</span>
</div>
<div class="mb-3 col-12">
<label class="form-label" for="email">Email</label>
<input id="email" class="form-control form-control-sm" v-model="user.email" />
<span v-if="errors.email" class="text-danger">{{ errors.email }}</span>
</div>
<div class="mb-3 col-12">
<label class="form-label" for="age">Age</label>
<input id="age" class="form-control form-control-sm" v-model="user.age" />
<span v-if="errors.age" class="text-danger">{{ errors.age }}</span>
</div>
<div class="mb-3 col-12">
<label class="form-label" for="birthdate">Birth Date</label>
<input id="birthdate" class="form-control form-control-sm" v-model="user.birthdate" />
<span v-if="errors.birthdate" class="text-danger">{{ errors.birthdate }}</span>
</div>
<div class="col-12">
<input type="button" class="btn btn-sm btn-danger" @click="fill(0)" value="Fill invaid data" />
<input type="button" class="btn btn-sm btn-success ms-1" @click="fill(1)" value="Fill vaid data" />
<button class="btn btn-sm btn-primary ms-1">Submit</button>
</div>
<div v-if="pass" class="alert alert-success mt-3">
Validation success!
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
<script>
const { createApp } = Vue
createApp({
data() {
return {
user: {},
errors: {},
pass: false
}
},
methods: {
fill(valid) {
this.user.id = (valid ? '1' : undefined)
this.user.name = (valid ? 'foo' : 'my name is foo')
this.user.email = (valid ? 'foo@mail.com' : 'mail')
this.user.age = (valid ? '10' : '101')
this.user.birthdate = (valid ? '2000-01-01' : '01012000')
},
submit() {
fetch('/submit', {
method: 'POST',
headers: {
'Content-Type': 'application/json'
},
body: JSON.stringify(this.user)
}).then(res => {
if (res.status == 200) {
this.pass = true
this.errors = {}
}
else {
res.json().then(err => {
this.pass = false
this.errors = err
})
}
})
}
}
}).mount('#app')
</script>
</body>This index.html file creates a user interface for submitting user data through a form, utilizing Vue.js for interactivity. It features input fields for ID, name, email, age, and birthdate, with immediate feedback for validation errors displayed beneath each field. Users can fill the form with valid or invalid data for testing, and upon submission, a POST request is sent to the /submit endpoint. The interface provides a success message for successful submissions and displays error messages if validation fails. The layout is styled with Bootstrap for a responsive design, enabling easy data input and validation testing with a FastAPI backend.
Run project
uvicorn app.main:app --reload
Open the web browser and goto http://localhost:8000
You will find this test page.
Testing
Click "Fill invalid data" and then click "Submit" to see the error messages displayed in the input form.
Click "Fill valid data" and then "Submit" again. You should see the validation success message displayed in the input form.
Conclusion
This article explored implementing basic form validation with FastAPI and Pydantic, enabling you to create reliable and user-friendly applications. By leveraging Pydantic's validation features, you can ensure user input meets specific criteria, such as valid email formats, numerical ranges, and string lengths. These validations catch errors early, providing immediate feedback and improving user experience. Incorporating these techniques will enhance the robustness and usability of your FastAPI application while ensuring data integrity.
Source code: https://github.com/stackpuz/Example-Validation-FastAPI
Create a CRUD Web App in Minutes: https://stackpuz.com
